International Business Practices-Phase 1 DB Essay

International Business Practices-Phase 1 DB - Essay Example er provides insight into international marketing and specific examples of mistakes companies have made in the past at marketing their products on foreign grounds. In the 21st century introducing new products into the international market is a basic necessity of any company trying to increase its sales and customer base. International marketing efforts require American businesspeople to at least gain a basic familiarity with the customs and practices of the country in which a company is considering doing business (Kammeyer, 2006). The discrepancies in the characteristics of a foreign customer include different taste and preferences, different lifestyles and altogether a different culture (Exploring International Markets, 2007). Marketing analyst must take these factors into consideration as they develop marketing plans and campaigns which incorporate penetration of international markets. There are many variables and elements that must be considered within a marketing plan to introduce new products into a different country. Some of the main factors that must be considered are listed below: Culture influences the behavior, views, customs and values of people, thus culture must be considered in the creation of marketing campaigns. In Asia red ink symbols a message from the dead; any written messages with ads in this market should never include red ink to avoid disrespectful messages. Racial and ethnic implications can cause great misunderstanding and lead to disastrous blunders. In 2002 A&F introduced a T-shirt which became very popular and created a lot of controversy, since they displayed slogans and stereotyped images of Asians (Direct Newsline, 2002). The campaign was launched nationally by the company. By creating such a racially offensive product this company hurt it chances of launching its products in the future to the Asian market which in the year 2000 produced $3,331 billion in GNP (Schneider, 2002). Climatic differences must be considered before

Effective and Ethical Leadership Essay Example for Free

Effective and Ethical Leadership Essay Page 2. Throughout the evolution of modern business, leaders have strived to be effective and profitable. However, due to unprecedented business scandals throughout the past decade, strict adherence to the principles of business ethics has become more prominent and expansive than ever before. In light of scandalous and unethical business practices, as exuded by Enron and WorldCom for example, business leaders and governing agencies realize the importance of ethical behavior. Although there is not a clear cut or standard set of attributes that constitute an effective and ethical leader, there are several common aspects that can be identified. The most important attributes of an effective and ethical leader are trustworthiness and accountability. Employees must feel that they can trust their managers in any and every situation. Team members must believe that a manager has immaculate intentions for the well-being of the project and the team. Employees will work harder towards the goals of the organization as well as towards the goals of individual assignments if they feel that management is looking out for their best interests. Team members should not look at business management as an entity of oppression. Employees should be able to approach managers without intimidation or prejudice. In other words, workers should feel free to address concerns and express opinions. Experienced front line workers are more privy to minute details regarding the daily operations of the business. A worker that trusts his or her superior is more likely to express opinions and concerns that can enhance business activity or correct errors. Employees that trust the management of the organization will be more willing to work diligently towards the company’s goals. Employees that do not have a trustworthy management team can suffer from a reduction in morale. Overall, a lack of trust leads to a distant and less productive work environment. Page 3. Another equally important attribute of an effective and ethical leader is accountability. Effective managers should not be afraid to admit when they are wrong. Even the best managers make mistakes. In essence, a manager with a strong ethical track record will be able to address tough questions with realistic answers. Transcending departmental and hierarchal barriers, accountability promotes communication throughout the entire organization. For example, after years of slumping car sales coupled with rigid hierarchal divisions, Ford Motors decided to embark in a new direction with Alan Mulally as CEO in 2006. Throughout its century of existence, Ford â€Å"developed a very tall hierarchy, composed of managers whose main goal was to protect their turf and avoid any direct blame for its plunging car sales (Jones 2010). Even the COO Mark Fields stated that â€Å"at Ford you never admit when you don’t know something (Jones 2010). † New CEO, Alan Mulally, diligently worked to demolish the communication barriers between the divisions of production and to develop new ethical norms. For instance, he instituted weekly meetings where department heads were encouraged to openly share problems. Mulally promoted a new culture that was more accepting and open about mistakes. Moreover, sharing all a spects of production information through a universal lens can help to promote decreased production costs on a company-wide level. Organizations will prosper under a management that promotes and radiates accountability and trustworthiness. Employees are more prone to open lines of communication with trusted superiors. Managers that can accept responsibility for errors while co-piloting new plans of attack on pertinent issues can help to eliminate unnecessary depletion of organizational resources. A corporate culture that is built upon these attributes will be poised for future success. Page 4. Works Cited Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (6th ed. , p. 14). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Abortion Debate in the 2004 Presidential Election :: Politics Political Essays

The Abortion Debate in the 2004 Presidential Election Abortion is a major issue that affects individual lives daily. It has become a debatable factor in determining the solution in having the free choice for a woman to abort their unborn baby. Even though it was not fully recognized in the presidential election, there was discussion as to whether or not it is morally right to perform this practice. President Bush believes that aborting an unborn baby is morally wrong because he believes in protecting the rights of the unborn and believes that partial birth abortion is a vicious act that discriminates against children who are inches away from life. On the opposing side is Senator Kerry, who believes that aborting an unborn child should be permitted because he believes in protecting women’s choices and enforcing women’s privacy rights. President Bush believes banning abortion except for the cases in rape, incest, or to save the mothers’ life. He believes in the rights of the unborn and born baby. In 2003, President Bush signed the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, which prohibits the practice that â€Å"performs the overt act, other than completion of delivery that kills the partially delivered living fetus.† (http://www.theorator.com/bills108/hr1545.html). By President Bush signing this act he explained that there would be the termination of this terrible act in killing innocent lives that are about to come in the world. â€Å"The bill I am about to sign protecting innocent new life from this practice reflects the compassion and humanity of America.† (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031105-1.html). His main goal is to reduce the numbers of abortions in America. (http://www.issues2000.org/George_W__Bush_Abortion.htm). Senator Kerry believes that it is not the issue of pro-abortion but the issue of pro-choice. He believes that every woman should have the right of choice, which is taken away from her resulting in banning abortion. â€Å"My personal belief about what happens in the fertilization process is a human being is first formed and created, and that's when life begins† (http://www.sonrisecma.com/blogs/sonrise3/archive/2004/07/22/611.aspx). He believes that the government should not have a right to intervene in somebody else judgment and quotes on Bill Clinton statement that â€Å"Abortion should be rare, but it should be safe and legal and the government should stay out of the bedroom.†(http://www.npr.org/politics/issues2004/) He believes that enforcing women’s privacy rights would let the mother decide to abort her unborn baby or not. Liberal is pro-abortion and Conservation is anti-abortion. In both opposing sides, there are alternatives that relates to abortion.

The Two-Faced Detergent :: informative essay

Whether soil particles are attached to carpet fibers, wood floors or restroom sinks, they need to be removed. But how is this done? Most of us wipe or scrub a dirty surface with soap and water without a second thought about how they actually work to remove soil. The process of removing dirt begins at the molecular level. In order to understand how soap works, we must first acknowledge what soap actually does. By definition, soap is a mixture of sodium or potassium salts and long chain organic acids. One example of such a soap is Sodium stearate, NaCH3(CH2)16CO2. As you can see, a soap molecule is long. It has a carboxylate group called the head group which is polar and hydrophilic, or water attracting. The tail end is a fatty acid, which is non-polar and hydrophobic, or water repelling. In this way, soap is unique. One end attracts water while the other end pushes it away. Initially soaps where made by heating sodium hydroxide with beef fat. Beef fat contains an ester formed between glycerol and stearic acid. The ester is then attacked by the sodium hydroxide, which releases the stearic acid as sodium stearate, How does all this help soap clean things? Well soap dissolves in water. There is nothing special about this, since many substances have this property. Water is polar; the H2O molecules have an attraction for other polar substances such as soap, which is polar on the oxygen end of the molecule. When soap is added to water its head group, which is hydrophilic, is attracted to the water. Oil and grease etc. is non-polar, so only non-polar substances will dissolve in it. Therefore, oil and water do not mix. This is why Oil does not dissolve when you run water over it. How does the oil wash off your hands if the water isn ¡Ã‚ ¦t soluble with the oil? This is where soap comes in. While soaps head is attracted to water its tail is attracted to non-polar substances such as oil. When oil and grease etc. mix with oil it creates a slightly polar substance because of the head group. This makes the oil soluble with water allowing you to wash off your hands with water and rinse the grease off. Most detergents sold in stores today are more complicated then just a mixture of sodium or potassium salts and long chain organic acids.

National Foundation for Educational Research Essay

Over the last century different techniques have been used to organise children within schools according to what the public and government asked for and needed. For example â€Å"after the Second World War the number and size of schools increased, the tripartite system of secondary education was introduced and there was increased competition for grammar school places† Sukhnandan and Lee (1998 pg. 13). There was a drive for excellence and the 11 plus exam leant itself easily to the administration of streaming. However during the 1960’s research was carried out that suggested streaming had negative social consequences for pupils, which could have been the catalyst for the shift of emphasis from excellence to equality. This resulted in a shift from streaming to mixed ability teaching that continued throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s. Ability grouping, in the form of setting and within class grouping, was sometimes used in higher year groups for linear subjects such as maths, science and modern languages but mixed ability was the main grouping method. The essay question implies that again there has been a shift, this time to setting. Boaler et al (1998) seems to imply that pressures from the government are to blame for this move; suggesting research (Gewirtz, Ball & Bowe, 1993 cited in Boaler et al 1998) indicates some teachers regard the curriculum set out in the 1988 Education Reform Act as incompatible with mixed ability teaching implying that they have no choice. Today’s Governments seem to be increasingly interested in achieving goals and raising standards, even if this means children missing out on the social advantages of mixed ability grouping. Setting seems to reinforce social divisions, as there are a higher proportion of boys, children of lower socio-economic status, children born in the summer and those of ethnic minority backgrounds in the lower sets (Boaler, 1997a, 1997b. Oakes, 1982. Sutton, 1966. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) whereas children in mixed ability classes tend to come from a range of different backgrounds. I find this quite extraordinary, as the Scottish Parliament has recently spent millions on an anti-racism campaign. Surely segregating the children, albeit unintentionally, will undermine the message sent out by this campaign? The essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages research has told us concerning setting. It will begin with the discussion of the effect of teacher’s attitudes and expectations of the set that they are teaching. It will then discuss the limitations pupils face by being placed in sets. It will discuss the social gap created by teaching children in sets. It will also discuss the advantages to the teacher of teaching children in sets and the advantages to the pupils. The essay compares setting to mixed ability teaching on several occasions this is because mixed ability teaching was the technique used before the recommendation to use setting also there seems to only be limited research on the other forms of grouping. Research has shown there to be both advantages and disadvantages to setting. Boaler et al (1998) demonstrated many disadvantages to setting. In their paper they cited a worrying statistic Jackson (1963) â€Å"96% of teachers taught to streamed ability groups† meaning they taught all the children without consideration into their individual differences. Boaler et al (1998) made reference to some of the experiences of pupils in setted mathematics classes, they reported that their teachers consistently made comments such as â€Å"you’re in the top set, you should be able to do this† and â€Å"you’re in the bottom group your not going to learn anything†. These attitudes are undoubtedly detrimental for the child. Boaler et al (1998) reported that children in higher sets were disadvantaged because their teachers had too high expectations of the children they were teaching, one third of the children taught in the highest sets felt they were being pushed to hard, that their lessons were paced too fast and they were under too much pressure to succeed because of their teachers expectations and the competitive ethos between pupils in higher sets. This was discovered to really upset certain children, Boaler et al, (1998) â€Å"I mean I get really depressed – it really depressed me, the fact that everyone in the class is like really far ahead and I just don’t understand†. It was reported that girls were the most affected by this citing the fact that although girls have been reported to be overtaking boys in all subjects boys still get the highest grades in mathematics (where the use of setting is dominant). The complete reverse was reported for those in lower sets, who felt that their lessons were too slow; they weren’t being challenged so lost interest. They believed that their teachers had no faith in them. This would then lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, they have no option but to perform to the set that they are allocated, if they are not encouraged then they will languish in the bottom sets their entire school life. This causes a self fulfilling prophecy, if they are told that they’re incapable of anything more they will begin to believe it, so they wont try to do anything more. Even if the children in the lower sets worked to be moved up into the higher sets they are unlikely to be successful. Teachers teach the children in specific sets to different tiers of an exam, so those in lower groups will not learn the same things as those in higher groups so movement between the sets would be difficult. The idea that children are taught to specific tiers is generally problematic because children are allocated to sets up to three years before they sit the exam and as mobility is rare this can have detrimental effects on their attainment if they were aware that they could only get a low grade. Boaler et al (1998) reported that only some children actually knew the implications of this. The teachers high expectations of those in higher sets and low expectations of those in lower sets causes a further social gap between the sets, those in the top sets will be called â€Å"boffins† and those in the lower sets will be seen as â€Å"stupid†. This is further intensified by the allocation of better qualified and more experienced teachers to higher sets even though research suggests (Black and Wiliam, 1998, p42 cited in Boaler et al 1998) that this type of high quality teaching is more beneficial to those children in lower sets who need more guidance as they are more easily distracted. The lower ability children will recognise that the higher ability children are seen as better and again this will have detrimental effects on their self-esteem causing them to become interested in anti-educational activities where â€Å"it’s cool to be alienated† (Hallam article from TES website, Passmore 2002) and will heighten the rift between the ability groups. In a mixed ability class for example there is a reduced distinction between children’s ability, which is beneficial to the children. There is even the suggestion that children of lower ability use those of higher ability as role models. A further problem could be caused because of a distinction made between academic and vocational subjects. Only subjects such as Maths, Science, English and Modern Languages are set while subjects such as Art and Music are mixed ability as a general rule. Children who are good at art and music may not feel as valued as those who are good at maths. The emphasis for teachers seems to be applied to children in higher sets because they get taught by the best teachers and get taught in the best classrooms. Also the children who aren’t interested may distract other children in these mixed ability groups. Ultimately this will lower their self-esteem and have a negative effect on their attainment in and feelings for the subject. Of cause there must be advantages to setting otherwise the First Minister wouldn’t have recommended it. One major advantage is that, compared to mixed ability teaching, it’s easier for teachers to implement as they can pitch work at a level that is more appropriate for the level the children are at. In mixed ability teaching a large majority of the class are unsupervised while setting lends itself to whole class teaching. This would appear to benefit those children in both higher and lower ability groups. Children in higher ability groups could be neglected and left to get on with their work in mixed ability classes while in sets these children will be given more attention, the children in with less ability will feel less inferior and more confident in groups of children with similar ability. Another benefit for high ability children is that low ability children who don’t want to learn will not distract them. The government is aiming to raise standards so it’s understandable to want to give children of higher ability a better chance. Research (Kulik and Kulik, 1982. 1987. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) shows that gifted and high ability children achieve more when placed in sets than they do when placed in mixed ability groups. It’s believed by some that high ability pupils benefit in groups with similar ability because it increases motivation by providing appropriate challenges and competition. There is also the implication that the children will be like-minded, facilitating the opportunity for them to discuss and ‘bounce ideas’ between each other. Possibly the main reason why the First Minister recommended this form of ability grouping is because all the research conducted in this area conflicts resulting in there being no truly consistent findings on the effect of ability grouping for pupil achievement. His recommendation could therefore be based on the fact that setting is easier for teachers so it is more likely children will be taught effectively. His main concern appears to be with raising standards and setting is easier to manage and improve than mixed ability teaching as set guidelines can be given for the attainment targets for each set. The blame for these inconsistent findings has been given to the research methods used. There’s a suggestion made that the outcome of ability grouping isn’t the only thing being tested. The quality of teaching, the teacher’s expectations, the pupil’s expectations and the materials available will all effect the pupil’s achievement. The evidence seems to produce more disadvantages to setting than advantages. The main ones being social rather than necessarily academic. However a child will perform better if they are happy and confident. Being labelled as â€Å"set 6† is not good for a child’s self esteem or confidence especially when teachers reinforce the idea that they are not as ‘good’ as those in higher sets. This ultimately leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy, which eventually causes the child to lose all interest. If the First Minister’s objective really is to raise standards then shouldn’t he be focussing on these low ability children and trying to raise their attainment levels? High ability groups also suffer because of the expectation that they are more capable than they actually there. To improve this it might be necessary to re-teach teachers on pupil differences and explain that all the children within the set are not identical. For this to occur they’d have to be a reduction in the emphasis placed on meeting targets, teachers need the flexibility to return to areas that children are finding difficult. When all said and done isn’t education for the benefit child? The First Minister’s recommendation needs to be accompanied by guidelines for teachers on how they can avoid the negative effects of homogeneous grouping. These guidelines should include careful planning, using well-defined targets and remaining aware of the negative effects of ability grouping (GB. Scottish Office. HMI, 1996. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) There could also be a move away from emphasis on academic achievement to more recognition of non-academic achievements to restore the self-esteem of children in lower ability groups (Elton Report, 1989. Taylor, 1993. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) His recommendation was probably the right one considering the drive to raise standards and make teachers lives easier. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence for what type of grouping is more beneficial academically for the child he was right to choose the method that could be most easily implemented and controlled. However this lack of conclusive evidence means that more research needs to be carried out to discover what the best form of grouping is. To do this researchers will have to establish what is ultimately best for the child, possibly new ways of grouping could be developed or the old ways upgraded.

Free Essays on Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd

â€Å"Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd† In Ionesco’s â€Å"Foursome† we are introduced to three characters (Dupont, Duran, and Martin) that drags us into a chaotic and absurd world. These three characters strut around the stage each complaining that the other is â€Å"talking with out saying anything at all† until the presence of the fourth character, the Pretty Lady. Upon her arrival, the disposition of Dupont, Duran, and Martin changes sharply with fighting over who â€Å"owns† the Pretty Lady and trying to win her over with the potted plants. Ionesco uses the experimental techniques of the Theater of the Absurd of a sense of chaos with vague dialogue and an illogical plot to make a social comment on the lack of communication in our world today that has been clouded by materialism. Through the vague dialogue of â€Å"Foursome† Ionesco develops feeling of disorder for the reader. This sense of madness can be seen through the way the characters speak to one another in convoluted dialogue and with overstated uniformity. The illogical plot is favored in the Theater of the Absurd because it doesn't follow typical standards so that it can better satirize. Through the hard-to-follow plot of â€Å"Foursome†, the aimless plot shows the audience how Dupont, Duran, and Martin accomplish nothing. Through their fights, which are fragmented, no solution (or even real problem) comes out of it. Rather, theses characters only illustrate the way society fuss over material items and have a block of communication. â€Å"Foursome† attempts to show society today of the way we communicate: indistinctly and scattered. As our main characters Dupont, Duran, and Martin run around the stage, they argue incessantly. However, they never reach an agreement nor do they even realize what they are truly fighting about. Ionesco uses this technique in attempts to show the reader the way modern society has become a matter of â€Å"talking without really saying any... Free Essays on Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd Free Essays on Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd â€Å"Foursome and the Theater of the Absurd† In Ionesco’s â€Å"Foursome† we are introduced to three characters (Dupont, Duran, and Martin) that drags us into a chaotic and absurd world. These three characters strut around the stage each complaining that the other is â€Å"talking with out saying anything at all† until the presence of the fourth character, the Pretty Lady. Upon her arrival, the disposition of Dupont, Duran, and Martin changes sharply with fighting over who â€Å"owns† the Pretty Lady and trying to win her over with the potted plants. Ionesco uses the experimental techniques of the Theater of the Absurd of a sense of chaos with vague dialogue and an illogical plot to make a social comment on the lack of communication in our world today that has been clouded by materialism. Through the vague dialogue of â€Å"Foursome† Ionesco develops feeling of disorder for the reader. This sense of madness can be seen through the way the characters speak to one another in convoluted dialogue and with overstated uniformity. The illogical plot is favored in the Theater of the Absurd because it doesn't follow typical standards so that it can better satirize. Through the hard-to-follow plot of â€Å"Foursome†, the aimless plot shows the audience how Dupont, Duran, and Martin accomplish nothing. Through their fights, which are fragmented, no solution (or even real problem) comes out of it. Rather, theses characters only illustrate the way society fuss over material items and have a block of communication. â€Å"Foursome† attempts to show society today of the way we communicate: indistinctly and scattered. As our main characters Dupont, Duran, and Martin run around the stage, they argue incessantly. However, they never reach an agreement nor do they even realize what they are truly fighting about. Ionesco uses this technique in attempts to show the reader the way modern society has become a matter of â€Å"talking without really saying any...

The differences in news organizations

The differences in news organizations Sources Four news organisations will be used in this study. The first two may not be as well known as the others so before going any further it is important to clarify the credibility of these sources. The first one is the Jerusalem Post and it was founded in 1932. In their official website it claims that it is Israels best-selling English daily and most-read English website.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The differences in news organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second one is the Haaretz Newspaper in Israel. It is an organisation that â€Å"provides extensive and in-depth coverage of Israel, the Jewish World and the Middle East† and everything that occurs within these regions including defence policies, Arab-Israeli conflict and even the peace process.2 The other sources comes from the BBC News and CBC News Canada. Jerusalem Post The article from taken from the Jerusalem Post provided the m ost in-depth discussion of the Palestinian refugees problem. Using this article as the point of comparison, the other three sources will be studied on their treatment of the said subject matter. Going back to the Jerusalem Post it has to be pointed out that the article was written by a guest columnist. His name is Alon Ben-Meir and it can be presumed safely that he is an Israeli who happens to be a Professor of International Relations at New York University. Ben-Meir identified key elements of the refugee problem such as the idea of resettlement, homeland, and coming home to the State of Israel. Ben-Meir argued not only on the urgency of the problem but also discussed a possible solution. Ben-Meir clarified the issue even further by saying that this is not just a political problem but also a humanitarian concern because there are at least 4.5 million refugees according to UN records.3 The author also said that it is imperative that the surrounding nations, the UN and the nations all over the world should assist in one way or another in order to resolve this issue once and for all. Ben-Meir added two crucial statements, he said that refugees cannot afford to wait for the peace talks to be finalized and then he said that the European Union should take the lead.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He cited the economic and political clout possessed by the EU as the main reason why they should initiate the final solution to the problem. He also pointed out the propensity of the Arab States to gravitate towards the EU and not the United States because of the perceived close ties that the Americans have with the Israelis. Haaretz Newspaper In the Haaretz Newspaper the article the title contained the terms â€Å"concession on rights to return.† First of all there was no discussion with regards to the urgent need to help refugees resettle or ret urn to their homeland. The issue immediately centred on the fact that there were secret deals that were made to limit the number of refugees that will be allowed to go back to their homelands. In the previous article the number of refugees was estimated to be only 4.5 million but this time around the estimate reached 5 million Palestinian refugees. BBC News In the BBC News article, the emphasis was on the culpability of the Israelis for the war of 1948 was the main reason why 700,000 Palestinians were displaced. The Israeli government countered with the statement that â€Å"most Palestinian refugees left to avoid a war instigated by neighbouring Arab states though it admits a handful of expulsions and unauthorised killings.†4 The article also stated that aside from the 1948 war there was also the 1967 war that displaced hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and that the accurate tally reached up to 6 million refugees. The Israeli government disputes this number. CBC News Cana da In CBC News Canadas Special Report, the emphasis was on the reason why the Palestinian refugees left in the first place. It is implied that when the Jews established a Jewish State hundreds of thousands of people were displaced and that the diaspora of 700,000 Palestinians resulted in the 4.7 million refugees that exists today. The report also focused on the state of the Palestinian refugees that fled to Lebanon, and the author remarked that, â€Å"While in countries such as Jordan and Syria, Palestinians can attend local schools, access government services, participate fully in the job market and even acquire citizenship, in Lebanon, they remain marginalized and are considered to be among the poorest in the diaspora.†5Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The differences in news organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences in Reporting There are significant differences in reporting. The first maj or issue that these news sites could not agree on is the number of the Palestinian refugees. The Jerusalem Post said that there are 4.5 million while the Haaretz said that there are 5 million refugees. On the other hand the BBC made the assertion that the total number of refugees numbered 6 million while the CBC Canada had a the second lowest estimate and it is 4.7 million refugees. There is also differences in focus or the way the reporters frame the events. Others see it as a political problem related to the peace process while other see it as a humanitarian problem and thus puts pressure on authorities to resolve it as quickly as possible because the lives of millions of people are at stake. Others nitpicked on the kinds of assistance that must be extended to the refugees. There is an argument whether the Palestinians must be absorbed by host nations, if they are supposed to be sent back to their original homes or at least given the chance to go back to their homeland. Explanatio n The differences in the reporting can be understood from the point of view of the reporters and their bias towards a particular subject matter. For example the Jerusalem Post, through their guest columnist emphasized the need for the EU to come in and help. This can be interpreted as an appeal to the EU to assist Israel because the Jewish State could not carry the burden all by itself. Furthermore, Ben-Meir said that there are only 4.5 million refugees not five million or six million as claimed by other reporters. The low estimate can be interpreted as the reluctance of the Israelis to carry all the blame for the diaspora. The article from the Haaretz newspaper rounded-off the figure to 5 million presumably to force people to understand the gravity of the problem. It is the impossibility of absorbing these great number of people without risking the stability of the only Jewish State in the planet.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also gave emphasis to other options which is resettlement. However, there is no mention of compensation. It can be argued that the refugees had the right to be relocated and compensated for what was done to them when they were forced to leave their homes in 1948. In the case of the CBC News report the spotlight was focused on the suffering that the refugees suffered under the Israelis as well as the callousness of the Lebanon government when it comes to integrating the refugees into the local population. This can be interpreted as an attempt to force Israel and Lebanon to accept responsibility for their actions. If one will use the article from Jerusalem Post as a guide one can argue that there are so many facets to the refugee problem and yet international leaders, the Israeli government and Arab States focuses only on the areas that will benefit them. It is time to look at the problem from a humanitarian point of view. These refugees must not be seen as pawns in the ongoing Ara b-Israeli conflict. The Arab leaders must accept the fact that 4 to 6 million refugees cannot be realistically brought back within the borders of Jerusalem or even relocated into the Gaza strip. The BBC News and CBC News failed to explain another major root cause of the refugee problem. The Arab nations surrounding Israel did not agree to what was then known as the British Mandate of Palestine.6 This is crucial because the BBC and the CBC seem to paint the Israeli government in a negative light that this refugee problem was all their fault. The Palestinian refugees are more than 4 million in number, this is no longer a problem that should be tackled only by Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. It has become an international problem and requires the assistance of everyone. Bibliography Asser, Martin. â€Å"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees.† BBC News. September 2, 2010, bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11104284 Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Guest Column: Taking resp onsibility for Palestinian refugees.†Ã‚  Jerusalem Post. April 16, 2010, jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=173223. CBC News. â€Å"Special Report: Palestinian Refugees.† CBC News Canada. October 27, 2010, cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/10/26/f-lebanon.html. Haaretz Service. â€Å"Hamas urges Palestinian refugees to protest over concessions on right of return.† Haaretz.com. January 25, 2011, haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-urges-palestinian- refugees-to-protest-over-concessions-on-right-of-return-1.339120. Footnotes 1  Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Guest Column: Taking responsibility for Palestinian refugees.†Ã‚  Jerusalem Post. April 16, 2010, jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=173223. 2  Haaretz Service. â€Å"Hamas urges Palestinian refugees to protest over concessions on right of return.† Haaretz.com. January 25, 2011, haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-urges-palestinian- refugees-to-protest-over-concessions-on-right -of-return-1.339120. 3  Ben-Meir. 4  Martin Asser. â€Å"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees.† BBC News. September 2, 2010, bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11104284, p.1 5  CBC News. â€Å"Special Report: Palestinian Refugees.† CBC News Canada. October 27, 2010, cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/10/26/f-lebanon.html. 6  CBC News.

Cool Boy Essay

Cool Boy Essay Cool Boy Essay Assignment 1 International Interest Nowadays everything seemed relate to international aspects because the world is becoming as a global village. A lot of organization is also containing international components in order to have a higher quality organization. For example, one of my interests is basketball association. I like to play basketball and enjoy watching the players competed for their honor of the teams. An international organization called Peace Players International, which is helping to develop sports skills from different area`s children from age 10 to 14 is organized by South Africa, Northern Ireland, and Middle East. Peace Players International has four main objectives, bridge social divides, develop future leaders, educate children to lead healthy, constructive lives and build community involvement to ensure long-term sustainability. Peace Players International was founded in 2001 on the premise that â€Å"children who play together can learn to live together.† Peace Players International effectively blends together proven theories of social modeling, conflict resolution and public diplomacy to operate basketball and life-skills programs in historically divided regions that bring together thousands of children from different religious, racial, and cultural backgrounds. The programs attract children to participate in basketball and life-skills activities that enable them to learn leadership skills and how to live as friends and neighbors. A key component to Peace Players International's effectiveness is that the programs target children aged 10–14. These are the children old enough to pick up the basics of the sport, but young enough that many prejudices have not yet been cemented. Through the power of sport and education and the strategic integration of public diplomacy, Peace Players International is altering the pattern of preconceived prejudice and equipping children with the skills and education needed to address the serious social and health issues they face. Peace Players International established a program in Cyprus in October 2006 that is using the game of basketball to facilitate positive dialogue and interaction between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot youth, with the ultimate goal being improved relations between the Greek and Turkish communities in Cyprus. The project is led by a group of 3 Peace Players International-Cyprus directors and 16 local coaches who direct activities that bring 10- to 12-year-old Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot youth together to play the sport in an inclusive, fun environment. The program was launched in partnership with the United Nations Development Programmed. Working with the UNDP and other local partners, Peace Players International-Cyprus has the following objectives: Peace Players International is bring hundreds of Turkish Cypri ot and Greek Cypriot children together to play basketball in a fun, inclusive environment and also train and employ local young audits from both communities to work together as coaches, leaders and role models In addition, Peace Players International develop links between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot sports clubs and other community organizations and build community involvement and investment. Another organization that I am interesting is called National Basketball Association. The National Basketball Association is the pre-eminent men's professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier men's professional basketball league in the world. It has thirty franchised member clubs, and is an active

Frederick Winslow Taylors Life. Scientific management theory Research Paper

Frederick Winslow Taylors Life. Scientific management theory - Research Paper Example It is important to posit elucidate the fact that much of the explanations and resolutions he developed were founded on his personal understanding, knowledge, and practice. At his prime, he joined the working class as a worker on the floor of a factor and gradually climbed the ranks to become an executive. Other than describing the life of Taylor, this paper described scientific management theory, experiments conducted by Taylor, and the applications of his theories in the modern word. Available sources assert that Taylor started his work life as a trainee in the field of engineering. Subsequently, he jumped ship and joined Midvale steel company as a mere worker and eventually became a supervisor. In his escapade in this steel company, he came up with his theory of scientific management. Later in his working life, he joined Bethlehem steel company and it was at this company where he merged all his thoughts and suggestions and later carried out a number of tests and trials on his thoughts aimed at enhancing efficiency and output in employment. He is credited for ensuring that his thoughts, suggestions, tests, and trials are passed on to the next generation. In doing so, he put down his thoughts and tests into writing in the year 1911. A combination of all his contributions were printed and made public (Cole 16). Scientific management theory Towards the end of the nineteenth century, many factory executives and owners believed that competence and effectiveness of the techniques or processes of performance was a topic of major concern. Suddenly, there was a flood of labor associated with the establishment of novel factories and other companies. Company executives were therefore faced with a lot of difficulties in systematically putting these essentials into order. This, combined with his infatuation with competence of working techniques is the origin of Taylor’s theory on scientific management. In the course of his studies, he comprehended the fact that the solution and explanation to these predicaments rested on methodical scrutiny and investigation of labor (Taylor 22). According to Cole, through practice, he had gained familiarity on the fact that a very low percentage of employees incorporated substantial exertion in their day to day duties. This propensity was illustrate and depicted by Taylor as soldiering. Soldiering was subsequently categorized into natural and systematic soldiering. According to Taylor, natural soldiering is refe rred to as the innate propensity of effortlessness depicted by human beings. Systematic soldiering on the other hand is referred to as an intentional and systematic constraint or limitation of the speed or pace of conducting various duties and activities portrayed by workers. He asserted that soldering resulted from workers’ dread of joblessness, variations in stipends, and the violent and handy advances introduced by the management (16). During this period, techniques and ways of conducting activities and duties were the enterprise of the employees whereby they were allowed to plan and program their duties. According to Taylor’s proposition in his theory, this should be the work of individuals in management positions. In support of his proposition, he argued that employees favored working conditions whereby they are bestowed with specific duties with precise principles. He elucidated the importance of disconnecting preparation, development, and scheduling of operation s with the work itself. The theory of scientific management also postulates that ongoing and continuing decline on the level of skills within the workplace is goes together with growing and increasing

Cash Flow Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cash Flow - Case Study Example Yum Brands Inc. operates six in different segments including YUM Restaurant International, Pizza Hut (US), Taco Bell (US), KFC (US), A&W All American Food Restaurant (US), YUM Restaurant China and LJS Long John Silver’s (US). This paper comments on the difference between net cash provided by operating activities and net income by speculating on which is likely to be superior sign of profitability for the firms in the long term. The paper also comments on the data reviewed by each firm and analyze cash flow position of each firm. After analyzing the cash flows of the companies as per the information given in the case, the paper finally ends with a conclusion that comments on whether these companies has any cash flow problems or not. Net Cash Position of the Firms According to the given case study, the financial statements of the three restaurant firms for the financial year 2009 and 2010 was extracted from their respective form 10-K annual reports and the following results were found: It is important to mention that the net income of all three companies include non-controlling interest (that is, non-equity shareholders). From the above analyses it is clear that there is difference between net cash provided operating activities and net income including non-controlling interest. ... On the other hand, net income including non-controlling interest is the income of the company from all its operations and also includes external finances such as non-controlling interest (which is basically earnings from preferential equity or other fixed financial instruments). The value is not adjusted for non-cash incomes or expenditures such as working capital and depreciation (Porter and Norton, 2010, pp.666-676). Also, it does not classify exact cash amount realised from operations. This is main reason as to why there was difference between net income including non-controlling interest and net cash provided operating activities. Regarding the speculation of which number is likely to be better indicator of long term profitability, it is generally believed that net cash provided by operating activities is better indicator. This is because it is useful to determine whether the firms will be able to make necessary future investment and pay its dues in the long term. The companies m ay look great from their balance sheet and income statements, but if there isn’t sufficient cash, then it might run risk of liquidation (Plewa, 1995, pp.1-18). Data Review of the Firms The summarized data review of the three firms reveals the following results: Operating cash flow/total debt – It represents the amount of total debt that could be covered from the cash flows generated by the firms from operating activities. Higher values indicate that there is sufficient cash to repay total debt. Among the three firms under observation, this ratio was highest for Panera Bread and there was a general increasing trend in the values. Operating cash flow per share – It indicates exactly how much of

Why do leaders lead in different ways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Why do leaders lead in different ways - Essay Example This is what the leader does; instilling a sense of togetherness regardless of the dynamic. However, this is a daunting task for leaders who pick a wrong strategy or leadership style as they will struggle so much to lead them with the unsuitable styles. A question that may ring on one’s mind, therefore, is that why do leaders lead differently? What brings the diversity? Why do some leaders succeed while others do not? In this essay, an exploration of different leadership styles and ways in which they influence the followers will be discussed to help unfold the underlying factors behind leadership while at the same time answering these questions. Leadership is not merely being in charge or in a position of authority. Effective leadership requires special skills in dealing with a range of people and the styles one deploy in this regard will extensively affect the team that is being led. To lead is to be in a control tower from which regulation, coordination, management of the followers is derived. Leadership, therefore, is a state of being in control of and in a position to command actions of a particular team for a specific objective. Leaders are mandated to direct and be in the forefront of any action a group or the team plans to undertake (Nahavandi, 2006, p.58). Behavioural theorist put focus on the conducts and deeds of a leader. They countercheck the behaviour of the leader in leadership duties and see if their (leaders) actions are justified. Some leaders dictate, coerce, command and are rude to the followers yet they expect loyalty and collaboration. Robertson (2011) puts forth a conception that classifies leaders in different categories based on their leadership behaviours. These include: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire styles of leadership. Autocratic leadership according to Robertson (2011, p.73) is a style in which the leader is the sole decision maker. Decisions in this style are

How CRM be Applied in the Life Insurance Company Dissertation

How CRM be Applied in the Life Insurance Company - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that most businesses, including Ping an Life insurance company, have invested a lot in Customer Relations Management and expect to see the Return on Investment (ROI) in due course. The present research has identified that CRM strategies are meant to help improve the company’s operations and steer the company to achieve more success as far as attracting and retaining customers and clients are concerned. The author has rightly presented that the importance of CRM in this more competitive business environment coupled with rapid technological changes and effects of globalization, the significance of CRM cannot be underestimated. Ping an Life insurance company certainly recognizes the importance of CRM in the modern business environment and has moved swiftly to put in place measure to attract more customers and retain them. There exist however a lot of challenges and limitations in the implementation of the company’s CRM strategies which make it rather difficult for the company to achieve its full potential. This is especially so because CRM requires a business to change their operation strategies from product centered approaches and put more focus on the customer as the focal point in the company’s marketing endeavors. Such a shift will always be difficult for companies like Ping an Life that have been in operation for a very long time and who have been relying on the older methods and techniques of marketing. This research study has investigated and studied the CRM strategies of Ping an Life insurance company and evaluated how they are performed and come up with various recommendations for improvement. These recommendation are aimed at enabling the company achieve even much greater results with their CRM strategies. The recommendations are as follows; Since most of the company’s clients have been directed to the company through referrals from existing clients, the first recommendation would be to strengthen the reward system. Existing clients should be motivated to pass positive messages to their friends and family about the company and encourage them to come work with Pin an Life company. The existing clients should be given rewards, whether its discounts or otherwise for each and every new client brought to the company (Al-Ghamdi, Sohail & Al-Khaldi, 2007). The other recommendation that is crucial to the company’s CRM strategy is the use of technology. The company should adopt a technological approach by using the internet to track prospects and communicate with them (McGregor, 2012). There are also plenty of application software that can help improve the CRM strategy of the Ping an Life insurance company. The company should identify one that suits their operations and work with it. The company also needs to manage the new change by incorporating views of all stakeholders in the company and prepare them for the impending change. This will include collecting thei r views about the impending changes in marketing and how other departments will be affected and addressing each concern. The members of staff will then be trained on how to deal with customers in the new dispensation Conclusion It is no doubt that Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is becoming a very essential element of businesses. The ability of businesses to attract and retain a large portion of their clients and prospects gives them a very huge competitive advantage in the highly competitive business world. The significance of CRM in the Asian business environment is also becoming apparent, especially in China with a majority of the big companies and corporations having strong Customer Relationships Management strategies. The insurance company Ping an Life has had numerous challenges in the past regarding to its marketing strategies and the importance given to Customer Relations Management cannot be understated. The big attention bestowed on Customer Relations Management is as a result of the rapid developments and changes in

General Style of Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

General Style of Writing - Essay Example General Style of Writing There are going to be a number of principles of basic editing that I am going to employ. Some of these include the need to read over all my projects; for at least twice before presenting them. In my case, I made three major symbolic representations in my general writing presentations to make up my general style of writing. These symbolic representations are in no certain order, the use of themes, exclusive use of examples and the use of counter arguments. By the use of themes, reference is being made to the fact that all projects that are written are given precise division to make the discussions well organized. Examples and scenarios are also used in most cases in order to help in elaborating points and ideas that are raised in the cause of the writing. The final section of my style has to be the use of counter arguments to help in brings out clarity on why the side of an argument I held is more justified than the other side I did not support. All in all, my writing cannot be judged as perfect and has its own weaknesses and strengths. Strengths in my Writing Through remarks received from supervisors and in accordance with a number of academic texts studied in the course o f the semester’s study, there are three major strengths I identify in my writing. These are clarity of construction, organization of thoughts and insightfulness in argument. In the first place, I have often used language and syntax that are simple and down to earth to allow for the easy understanding of sentences and contents I put up. In my first project for instance, in my first two projects, there were positive remarks I received from my supervisors specifically for the fact that my thoughts were straight forward and easy to understand. This point is indeed supported by Murray (1998) as a major strength in all forms of writing as he remarks that â€Å"I write my way toward meaning with discovery drafts that usually make the subject come clear.† Secondly, I have always focused on the need to make my writings well organized and structured. I do this by giving themes and sub-heading to major points. Once this is done, there is always the room to make the identification of major points that have been raised in the writings easier and accessible. Finally, I combine simplicity with insightfulness to ensure that the fact that I try to keep the structure and content of my papers simple does not take away from them the in-depth of explanations that the arguments deserve. Weaknesses in my Writing Not withstanding the major strengths discussed about my style of writing, there are a number of weaknesses that can be seen. These weaknesses are evident when reading through some of the major laid down principles in putting up an excellent paper; such as the one presented by Murray (1998). In light of this, it would be said that I have a very wrong approach to accepting criticism that pertain to writing. Contrary to this, Murray (1998) admonishes that â€Å"they must accept the criticism of others and be suspicious of it; they must accept the praise of others and be even more suspicious of it.† The writer makes this point referring to writers who seek t o excel in their writing. This means that common mistakes that are made in my writing and are pointed out by friends, colleagues and supervisors must always be taken in good faith and improved upon. Unfortunately, m supervisor seem to be the only person whose input I consider for change. As evidence in my first three project works, there are major corrections that my learning partner pointed out to me, which I ignored. When I finally took the completed work to

How CRM be Applied in the Life Insurance Company Dissertation

How CRM be Applied in the Life Insurance Company - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that most businesses, including Ping an Life insurance company, have invested a lot in Customer Relations Management and expect to see the Return on Investment (ROI) in due course. The present research has identified that CRM strategies are meant to help improve the company’s operations and steer the company to achieve more success as far as attracting and retaining customers and clients are concerned. The author has rightly presented that the importance of CRM in this more competitive business environment coupled with rapid technological changes and effects of globalization, the significance of CRM cannot be underestimated. Ping an Life insurance company certainly recognizes the importance of CRM in the modern business environment and has moved swiftly to put in place measure to attract more customers and retain them. There exist however a lot of challenges and limitations in the implementation of the company’s CRM strategies which make it rather difficult for the company to achieve its full potential. This is especially so because CRM requires a business to change their operation strategies from product centered approaches and put more focus on the customer as the focal point in the company’s marketing endeavors. Such a shift will always be difficult for companies like Ping an Life that have been in operation for a very long time and who have been relying on the older methods and techniques of marketing. This research study has investigated and studied the CRM strategies of Ping an Life insurance company and evaluated how they are performed and come up with various recommendations for improvement. These recommendation are aimed at enabling the company achieve even much greater results with their CRM strategies. The recommendations are as follows; Since most of the company’s clients have been directed to the company through referrals from existing clients, the first recommendation would be to strengthen the reward system. Existing clients should be motivated to pass positive messages to their friends and family about the company and encourage them to come work with Pin an Life company. The existing clients should be given rewards, whether its discounts or otherwise for each and every new client brought to the company (Al-Ghamdi, Sohail & Al-Khaldi, 2007). The other recommendation that is crucial to the company’s CRM strategy is the use of technology. The company should adopt a technological approach by using the internet to track prospects and communicate with them (McGregor, 2012). There are also plenty of application software that can help improve the CRM strategy of the Ping an Life insurance company. The company should identify one that suits their operations and work with it. The company also needs to manage the new change by incorporating views of all stakeholders in the company and prepare them for the impending change. This will include collecting thei r views about the impending changes in marketing and how other departments will be affected and addressing each concern. The members of staff will then be trained on how to deal with customers in the new dispensation Conclusion It is no doubt that Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is becoming a very essential element of businesses. The ability of businesses to attract and retain a large portion of their clients and prospects gives them a very huge competitive advantage in the highly competitive business world. The significance of CRM in the Asian business environment is also becoming apparent, especially in China with a majority of the big companies and corporations having strong Customer Relationships Management strategies. The insurance company Ping an Life has had numerous challenges in the past regarding to its marketing strategies and the importance given to Customer Relations Management cannot be understated. The big attention bestowed on Customer Relations Management is as a result of the rapid developments and changes in

4 best 3d animated films for kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4 best 3d animated films for kids - Essay Example The chief Director of this film is Uri Shizer (Squidoo 2010). This movie was released in 2003 by Pixar Studios and Disney. Its remarkable box office draw kept the movie at the top. The movie is a story of a clown fish and his son, who lost all their family members to thieves leaving them alone in the world. Nemo is caught up by a scuba diver during his first day of school, turning him into a pet in a fish tank that belonged to a dentist. Consequently, Nemo’s father decides to go hunting for him in the ocean, where he happened to meet an absentminded fish called Dory. The story narrates about their encounters and attempts by Nemo to flee from the fish tank (Squidoo 2010). In this film, three strange bedfellows are encountered with, including Diego the saber tooth tiger, Sid the Sloth, and Manny the mammoth. The three accomplices have partnered in an attempt to return a hunter father, his human baby. When Diego, Manny and Sid return, they are joined by another character known as Ellie a mammoth who thinks she is a possum. They seek to flee from their dwelling valley to avoid drowning in case a melting glaciar blocked down. This comedy with great taste has been produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It is a story of a rat that wants to become a chef, but his family looks down upon his ideas. Consequently, Remy finds himself in a sewer, where he wants to meet a youthful cook who is fighting to retain his job. The union of the two makes them the best chefs in Paris. This entertaining movie keeps the funs wondering whether their trick will be discovered. The role of a 3D animation director is to make sure that the vision of the film rhymes with all parts of the production course. This includes the film’s color palette, style, as well as tone. Unlike the directors of live-action films, those of animated movies have high control responsibility. In other words, the directors of animated films are responsible for micromanaging the whole

Male culture disadvantages boys in education Essay Example for Free

Male culture disadvantages boys in education Essay Until the late 1980s, most sociological literature focused on the underachievement of girls. Girls were less likely to pursue A levels and consequently to enter higher education. However, in the early 1990s, it was argued that girls had begun to outperform boys at most levels of the education system. The main sociological focus today therefore is on the underachievement of boys. Epstein et al.(1999) state that boys underachievement is not something new, but in the past was not a worrying trend for two reasons: working-class boys used to move easily into jobs without good qualifications in the days when sons followed fathers into mines, factories, etc. And the structural and cultural barriers preventing females access to high-status jobs and the pressure on women to become wives and mothers, etc. meant that males always achieved better paid jobs in the long run. However, today Epstein notes that governments are anxious about large numbers of unemployed young men because they are a potential threat to social order. There are many reasons why boys are under-achieving in education. In some schools, the extent of boys underachievement has become so serious that twice as many girls are getting five GCSEs grades A-C. It is estimated that by the age of 16, nearly 40% of boys are lost to education. Some sociologists have suggested that the fault lies with teachers. Studies of classroom interaction and the relationship between pupils and teachers suggest that teachers are not as strict with boys as with girls. It is claimed that teachers tend to have lower expectations of boys, e. g.they expect work to be late, to be untidy and boys to be disruptive. Emphasis in the past has been on excluding such boys rather than looking for ways to motivate them. Consequently a culture of low achievement evolved among boys and was not acted upon because the emphasis in schools for many years was to make education more relevant and interesting for girls. Boys performance in schools is a complex issue. This policy issue of boys underachievement can be understood in many different ways. The issue can be framed in terms of human capital, class inequality, equal opportunities or social justice. Links can be drawn between the low educational attainment of some boys and the low employment rates of some young men. There is also for some boys an antagonism between educational attainment, even attentiveness, and the performance and achievement of particular and valued masculinities. Mac An Ghaill (1996) argues that working-class boys are experiencing a crisis of masculinity. Their socialisation into traditional masculine identity has been undermined by the decline of traditional mens jobs in manufacturing and primary industries such as mining. Mass unemployment found in working-class areas means that boys are no longer sure about their future role as men. This confusion about their future role may lead working-class boys to conclude that qualifications are a waste of time because there are only limited opportunities in the job market. The future looks bleak and without purpose so they dont see the point in working hard. They may temporarily resolve this crisis by constructing delinquent or anti-school subcultures, which tend to be anti-learning. Research evidence indicates that boys appear to gain street credibility and status in such cultures for not working. In 1994 Panoramas The Future is Female by Hannon suggested that with more opportunities for women in the work place, a change in the female ideology and with a fairer education system women simply passed the boys. Boys are not actually doing worse than they have done in the past, they are improving, but girls improvement outstrips boys Hannon, The Future is Female, 1994. With father opportunities of women it is easy to realise the origins of the current masculinity crisis, as there is no set role. Boys are no longer thought of as maturing later and comfortably walking into sustainable education. Instead men are expected to work hard throughout education to reap the rewards later but this is against the gender stereotype portrayed through the agents of socialisation. With this problem the new man was created producing a crisis for men on which to evolve into. Both published in socialisation agents boys have the problem of evolving into fulfilling the laddish stereotype or one in which they draw away from the idea that it is not male to work hard in education. Other sociologists have pointed to the feminine culture, which surrounds younger children as a possible influence on male under- achievement. Children, both male and female, may equate learning and therefore schooling with femininity. As boys grow up, they identify with more masculine role models and may reject academic learning and skills such as presentation and reading as feminine. Boys and reading and boys and literature are frequently mentioned by teachers as trouble spots in educating boys. Many young boys belong to anti-learning sub-cultures and they would therefore be deemed as un-cool if they achieved well in school especially in a girly subject such as English. Many boys dont try to achieve at school simply to conform to their groups norms and values. If their group doesnt value education then they wont. They believe it is more valuable to be popular and in with the right crowd as opposed to achieving in school and education.

Compare And Contrast Two Policy Areas Economics Essay

Compare And Contrast Two Policy Areas Economics Essay There is a debate on what the most appropriate method for a policy formulation, weather the policy cycle model or the Kingdons garbage can model. Different policy areas may be a product of different policy processes. In reality, it can be seen that some policies may take long time to be ready to implement while other issues capture policy makers attention and put in place shortly (Tiernan and Burke 2002, 86). The argument of this paper is that in the implementation of policy-making, while the characteristics of the policy cycle model and the Kingdons garbage-can model may appear together, there may actually be only one model which would manifest itself or dominate to policy making process. The writer will use two different policy areas to demonstrate this argument. This paper will have structures as follows; firstly, it will compare the concepts of policy cycle model and garbage can approach which is preceded by the definition of public policy. Secondly, it will describe the implementation of the policy cycle model on the Indonesian government policy on the elimination of trade tariffs on imported goods from Japan. This regulation is an implementation of the Agreement on Economic Partnership between the Indonesian government and Japan. Thirdly, it will describe the implementation of the garbage can model on the Indonesian government action on emergency response on the Situ Gintung Dam disaster in 2009 in Indonesia. Lastly, it will summarise the main points of the paper and restate the main argument. Several scholars provide different definitions of public policy. However, this paper will use one of them as a starting point in comparing the policy making models in two different policy areas as mentioned above. Public policy is about what government concerns to address public issues and increase public welfare. Colebatch (1998, 2006 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 5) defines public policy as whatever governments choose to do or not to do. This definition deduces several possibilities of what government will do when there is problem in public. Government may solely address the problems; may let other actors to solve the problems with government regulations; may work with other actors to solve the problems; or may do nothing at all. For example, regarding the issue of decreasing on the education quality in secondary school, to address this problem, government may review policy on education system and increase public school quality. Other example to on what government n ot to do is in the case on the privatisation of transport service providers which is projected to increase efficiency and reduce government spending. In comparing two models of policy formulation, the writer identifies several different characteristics of the two models. The first characteristic of policy cycle is the use of rational measurement. Proponents of policy cycle argue that a series of rational stages allows policy cycle works based on embedded rationalism (Bridgman and Davis 2003, p. 98). However, the opponent criticises that a good policy needs more than an effective process good policy entails good content and good content does not necessarily result from an effective process (Everett 2003, p. 67). To respond this criticism, Bridgman and Davis (2003, p. 101) use Driors point of view that alternative solutions are tested against the objectives to gain one rational decision while policy cycle presumes that there is no such outcome. It goes on that the stages in policy cycle are a logical process in terms that each step has a result for the next step, but it does not embody formal rationality (Bridgman and Davis 2003, p . 101). Moreover, Davis et al. (1993, p. 160-1 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, 59) underline rational comprehensive model which follows a logical, ordered sequence and comprehensive because it canvasses, assesses and compares all options. It seems that both sides, the proponents and the opponent, look weather policy cycle rational or not from different perspective which makes them come to different ends. However, in writer perspective they all are right. The stages of policy cycle model can assist policy makers to do their jobs because the stages can be broken down. However, Everett (2003, p. 67) claims that policy cycle cant resolve controversial or contentious issues or replace political contest. To address this doubt Bridgman and Davis (2003, p. 101) argue that most of government activities are routine and only a few which is unusual. In writers concern, although government does routine activity but issues change along the time and the office work history sometimes is not sufficient to portray the issues. Therefore, this model does not much help decision makers. It is claimed that consultation stage in policy cycle model enhances policy formulation for a better implementation. The opponent of this idea, Everett (2003, p. 67) claims that community consultation fails to address issues related to political contest. It goes that community consultation only results little more than a wish list rather than solution. To address this doubt, Bridgman and Davis (2003, p. 101) argue that political interest does not always burden the government routine, however, if so, typical follows the same process to make less contentious issues. In this point, the writer agrees that community consultation is a step forward to open democracy although it cant provide satisfying solution for all. This model will be more appropriate for a routine policy because it takes time following the stages. Turning to the garbage can model, it is believed that this model has different approach with the conventional model of policy making. Kingdons garbage-can model rejects the policy cycle approach by arguing that policy formulation happens within organisation which has characterised by uncertain or different policy interest, unclear internal rules and unstable participation patterns (Cohen et al. 1972, p.1; Howard 1998; Davis et al. 1993, p. 173 cited in Tiernan and Burke 2002, p. 87). Furthermore, Tiernan and Burke (2002, p. 87) explain that the Kingdons garbage-can theory are antithesis of rational decision making approach. This model is appropriate to address issues which need quick response because it does not follow many stages. For example, in combating terror actions, decision makers have to make quick decision and take actions. Sometimes trial and error strategy works in such a chaotic situation. According to Kingdon (cited in Zahariadis 1999, p. 76) decision making works through three streams, namely, problems, politics and policies. Problems may attract policy makers to find solutions or problem leads to solution. For example, the oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico on 20 April 2010. It may capture policy makers attention to formulate a regulation to give huge tax and royalty to oil industries in order to reduce the reliance on oil and shift to alternative fuel (British Petroleum 2010, online) . Political stream involves the contention of pressure group campaign, interest groups, administrative and legislative, judicial, executive. Policy stream revolves around wide range of ideas generated by policy communities, networks and researchers (Zahariadis 1999, pp. 76-77). Issues will capture policy makers attention when they are in the three streams at the same time. Kingdon (1995, p. 165 cited in Zahariadi 1999, p. 77) calls these conditions as policy window. Furthermore, he explains that when policy window opens, which is unpredictably, policy entrepreneurs have opportunity to orchestra to promote their position in the future. In order to compare the two models above, the writer breaks down the first case study into the stages according to the policy cycle model in the Australian government. To start with, Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, pp. 37-40) maintain that the Australian policy cycle comprises of the phases of identifying issues, policy analysis, policy instruments, consultation, coordination, decision, implementation and evaluation. The relationship among those stages will be described together with case study on the policy on elimination of trade tariffs on imported goods from Japan (the Ministry of Finance Regulation number 95/PMK.011/2008). The writer applies the policy cycle model with an assumption that this model is appropriate for developing policy in a normal condition in term of government routine activities. The implementation of policy cycle concepts for developing regulation on trade tariffs. The first stage of policy cycle normally begins with defining problems. This is mentioned by Parsons (1995, p. 81) who argues that stages of policy cycle starts from defining problem and agenda setting, implementation and up to evaluation. The same idea is disclosed by Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p 38) who contend that much policy begins with identifying issues. However, in writer perspective, it may start from other stage when there is no public issue, but government want to change its policy. Furthermore, it is believed that an effective policy requires overhaul because of more information occur during its formulation process (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p 38). These proponents agree that this model allows policy maker to review the previous steps when there is a new finding which may influence the success of policy implementation. Regarding the policy on eliminating trade tariffs barrier between the government of Indonesia and Japan, the idea was emerged by the Indonesian President and Japan Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi during the Asia Pacific Economic Countries (APEC) Summit Meeting in November 2004. The two leaders agreed to tighten the economic relationship between two countries. In writers concern, the meeting between two countries leaders refers to the Kingdons Garbage-can theory, as actors who enforce selected alternative solution (Kingdon 1995, p.116 cited in Tiernan and Burke 2002, p.88). Follow up meeting was held on December 2004 between the Minister of economic, Trade and Industry from the two countries to discuss about a Joint Study Group to explore future possibility to an Economic Partnership between the two countries. Another meeting was conducted between the Indonesian Vice President and Japan Minister of foreign Affair in January 2005 which planned to hold a three round meeting in April 2005. This meeting recommended a negotiation on bilateral economic partnership agreement. A three round meeting was conducted in Bali, Jakarta and Tokyo. The meeting was attended the representative of related departments, agencies, academic and private sectors from two countries. These meetings discussed a wide range issues about the economic relationship particularly on the possibility to increase the benefits from the economic partnership. The last issue is that Japan has been the largest country for goods export destination from Indonesia and vice versa. Other things are that Indonesia is an important energy exporter to Japan, while Japan is the largest provider official development assistance for Indonesia (Join Study Group Report 2005, p. 4). Since the Asian economic crisis 1997, the direct investment from Japan declined although it was noted that Japan was the highest foreign investor in Indonesia with 19.7 % accumulated during 1967 2004 (Join Study Group Report 2005, p. 3). This is also supported by OECDs survey which noted that Japan was the highest investor in Asia from 1982 1997 (Japan Ministry of Finance cited in Thomsen 1999, pp. 12-13). But, these indicators are only a symptomatic of the real issues. As Lindblom (1968, p. 13) indicates that policy makers are not faced with a given problem. Therefore, in writers concern the real problems are that the economic crisis 1997 had weakened Indonesian to buy domestic metal-based products which have imported components (from Japan). The next stage of policy cycle is policy analysis. In this stage, policy analysts work based on the information gathered in relation with the identified issues. According to Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 38) policy analysis refers to the debates of public servants with the related professionals and experts in order to formulate information to decision makers. In relation with the issues of declining Japan investment and enhancing domestic metal-based industries above, the debate was held in the Department of Economic, Trade and Industry, involving the economists and the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce as representative of private sector. During this stage, policy analysts seek appropriate model to increase to make the goods are affordable to public. Economists may employ cost benefit analysis to reduce the goods price in order to support domestic industries. Alternatively, analysts may apply incremental rationality approach to reduce the trade tariffs rate gradually while hopi ng for positive impacts on the public and industries. In writers perspective, policy analysts work under Kingdons Garbage-can approach in selecting formulations of sequential post tariffs which have to be eliminated during the period of 2009 until 2012. The following step of policy cycle is choosing what policy instrument to be used, whether a policy need a new legislation or change programs or adjustment in the operational level. Selecting appropriate policy instruments is essential to a success of public policy because each instrument has its limitation. Drawing from Hoods classifications, the Australian public policy instrument is classified into advocacy, network, money, government action, and law (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 89). Each instrument has different capability to achieve policy goals. Some policies do not need to be in the form of legislation products. For example, to control the use of electricity, government may apply different rate for a certain level of power unit used. Otherwise, government may suggest publics to reduce electricity consumption through a campaign or subsidy. Regarding the information resulted by policy analysts in the Department of Economic, Trade and Industry, the Indonesian government chose law as instrument to implement policy on trade tariffs. According to the Government Decision no 42/2002, all public revenues should be regulated under the Minister of Finance regulation (Government of Indonesia 2002, President Decision no. 42/2002, article 2). Therefore, the policy on eliminating trade tariffs should be under the Minister of Finance decisions. However, the Indonesian government has to issue a decree as a base of ministerial decisions. There are two kinds of consultation, inside and outside organisation. The Minister of Finance conducts inside consultation through open debate and interactive with public in television broadcasting. Participants come from automotive industries owners, economists, and publics. In this session, the Ministry of Finance sough input and support from public regarding the proposal to eliminate trade tariffs gradually. The idea to hold public consultation is supported by Smith (2005, p. 30 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 89) who argues that open forum will enable different groups to express and learn the alternatives and give responses as a process of public deliberation. Another consultation session was conducted in legislation forum. Practically, an issue often captures the attention of legislative members which then call for clarification ministers. It is a formal and scrutiny session because as it is held between parliament members (the Commission IX) and the Ministry of Fi nance as government representative. The perception of legislative member will be considered by the Ministry of Finance to finalise the policy. Alternatively, policy makers can apply e-Consultation to reach a wider public participation. As McNutt (2006 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 117) argues that virtual policy networks will provide collaboration and coordination through online technology. The next stage of policy cycle is conducting coordination throughout the department or agencies. Developing policy needs coordination in order to develop coherence, consistency, and effectiveness when it comes to policy implementation. It is essential to build coordination because departments and agencies have their own functions (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, pp. 124-125). An example for this point is, in Indonesia, the Ministry of Finance holds important role on allocating budget to all departments and agencies. Furthermore, Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 129) explain that coordination starts from agencies submit proposal to government to allow other department provide opinions about the programs against the existing programs administered by other agencies. From this process, central agency may make a review on the proposals. This step applies the concept of Whole of Government approach in terms of synchronizing program of with overall agency activities (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 131). In assessing the proposal, central agency employs routine standards to assess the consistency of programs with other government objectives. In the case of eliminating trade tariffs barrier, Directorate General of International Trade Affair through the Ministry of Economic, Trade and Industry submit the proposal to the Ministry of Finance. The Ministry of Finance asses the proposal in financial perspective the impact from eliminating trade tariffs to public revenue in budget statement. The information about revenue from the tariffs in the previous budget is valuable to predict the loss and to find its replacement. The Minister of Finance projects the implication of the regulation to the other sectors and make coordination with related departments and agencies, such as, employment sectors under the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration; taxation income from the increase of domestic industries in steel-based commodity under with the Ministry of Finance; the increase in fuel consumption as the effect of emerging industrial sector under the Minister of Mines and Energy. Coordination is essential for policy alignment. The argument is that support from interest groups, in this case is importers, company owners and civil servants in customs office, is important to the success of these regulations. When the regulations are implemented there will be many irresponsible actors who take advantage from the weaknesses of the regulation. Indeed, by issuing regulation on elimination trade tariffs on a certain goods, the opportunists will manipulate documents on other goods to get benefits. Decisions are formally made by parliament but sometimes policy only need government regulations. In the policy cycle, decision is an important key for the previous stages. Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 144) suggests that the proposal resulted from all sequential efforts are decided in this stage whether will be considered as a policy or not in the future. Furthermore, in cabinet arena, ministers have opportunity to act collectively to consider policy proposals before they are implemented. In the case of regulation on eliminating trade tariffs above, the Minister of Finance has promulgated the Minister of Finance regulation number 95/PMK.011/ 2008 dated 30 June 2008 (Observation and Research Taxation 2010, online). This regulation in the implementation of the Government of Indonesia Regulation number 36/2008 on legalisation of Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and Japan for an Economic Partnership (IJ-EPA). Policy implementation is the next stage after decision has been made in policy cycle. The outcome of regulation is often far from the expectation. The gap often becomes new issues in the public which often interesting for opposition groups. As noted by Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 159) that the failure of implementation will be use for the opponents and media to show the government weaknesses. Furthermore, they suggest that to avoid the failure, policy proposal should be examine well in every stage of policy cycle before submission to cabinet. The proponents of policy cycle emphasize the scrutiny on every step of policy analysis. Regarding the implementation of regulation on trade tariffs, there are many actors involve as policy guardian. In the bottom level of bureaucracy, customs officers stand in front line to maintain this regulation. As goods are imported through the sea, sea-port customs officers are often as culprits of breaches. However, other actors, such as interest groups (company owners and importers) also play pivotal role. Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 160) argue that the failure in policy implementation is because of government agencies lack of sufficient expertise and resources. The writer agrees with this perspective, however, in Indonesian public administration, it is worsen by unclear borders between public administrators, police department, and army in policy implementation. Indeed, their functions are by far different. That is why public policy often failure in implementation. Evaluation stage is the end and restart of policy cycle (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007, p. 179). Furthermore, evaluation provides three purposes; it questions how well a policy meets objectives in its implementation; it examines public servants accountability to their tasks; it suggests critical points to future policy refinement. However, evaluation often faces obstacles. Anderson (2005, p. 271-5 cited in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2007, p. 189) claim that obstacles may consists of uncertainty over policy goals, difficulty in determining causality, diffuse policy impacts, difficulty in data acquisition, resistance, and a limited time perspective. In Indonesian public administration, the actors of policy evaluation on elimination of trade tariffs are, the Inspectorate General on the Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the Financial Audit Board. Moreover, supervisors in customs offices hold essential roles to the success of this regulation. The Inspectorate General has annual schedule evaluations to make sure all organisation functions are run well. In the writer perception, policy evaluation has to be comprehensive. It does not only evaluate the implementation of a policy, but also concern to wider impacts of a policy. The result of evaluation may be as inputs for other public policy. Indeed, regulation on eliminating trade tariffs has impacts on some aspects, such as, financial aspect, relates to revenue shifting from trade tariffs on imported goods to value added tax of steel industries; economic aspect, relates to economic growth on domestic industries; employment aspect, relates to job opportunity and unemployment ra te reduction; environmental aspect, relates to the increase of fuel consumption on industry and automotive sectors, decreasing air and water quality from emission. However, the Indonesian government often fail to do this. Overall, the stages in policy cycle concern to develop a good policy through a scrutiny process in clear frameworks. It helps policy makers to understand the policy process in different functions. This model is able to break down complex issues into manageable stages. It is a normative suggestion on sequence stages for policy making approach. However, this model takes times and money because of the long process. From the example above, it can be seen that the stage of identifying issue happened in 2004 and 2005 whereas the implementation of the policy started in 2008. Turning to the implementation of the Kingdons Garbage-can model, as mentioned above there are three streams problems, policies, and politics to develop agenda change. Public issues might occur from one of the streams, otherwise coupling three streams. Kingdon (1995, p.88 cited in Tienman and Burke 2002, p. 88; see also Kingdon 1995, p. 165 cited in Zahariadi 1999, p.77) describes policy windows opens when three streams converge to push issues to get solutions. A case study on government action in addressing the disaster of the Situ Gintung Dam in 2009 will demonstrate how the Garbage-can model formulates policy through three streams. The problems stream the burst of Situ Gintung dam greatly captures decision makers attention to push the government to take real actions. Although the disaster had been predicted since 2008, there was lack of government action to prevent it (Indonesias Urban Studies 2009, online). The Situ Gintung dam is located in Cirendeu, Ciputat subdistrict, Tangerang district, Banten Province, Indonesia. After the disaster happened on 27 March 2009, the Indonesian government in collaboration with non-governmental organisations found 99 death bodies and searched thousand people missing (Antara News 2009, online). Regardless the causing factors of the collapse of the dam, the disaster has led decision maker to push government action. Tiernan and Burke (2002, p. 88) argues that problems and issues draw government attention in form of systemic indicators or public attentions. Furthermore, Anderson (1994 cited in Tiernan and Burke (2002, p. 88) claims that the way how to identify problems will determine government response to place in agenda setting. It is evidence that the Situ Gintung disaster resulted public attention and systemic problems. Besides creating human victims, it degrades environment quality and reduces economic and social factors. Such as, the number of houses and areas destroyed by the food from the dam burst (Indonesia Matters 2009, online). This issue enables policy entrepreneurs to open windows of opportunity to create linkage between problems, policies and politics streams. This idea is underlined by Kingdon (1995 cited in Zahariadi 1999, p. 77) who contends that policy windows are opened by inducing problems or by event in political stream. Indeed, the impacts of this disaster attracts policy entrepreneurs to collaborate problems, interest groups, environmentalists, public opinion, executive, legislative members, to define policy solutions. As Kingdon (1995, p. 88 cited in Tiernan and Burke 2002, p. 88) argues that problem is identified, solution is available, and the political climate supports to take action. It is evidence that the disaster happened before the general election 2009, where political actors seek votes from public in several ways in public. In response to the disaster of the Situ Gintung dam, in policy stream, the proposal of emergency response is implemented in trial and error concept. For example, event everything needs to be addressed quickly, government may receive unreliable data of victims about who, what and how, they should be addressed. It will be difficult to provide settlements, foods and other basic needs appropriately. Therefore, decision makers often work according to their own perspectives and assumptions. Kingdon (1995, p. 116 cited in Tiernan and Burke 1999, p.88) explains that policy proposal is floating like the metaphor of the the policy primeval soup. Policy proposal may or may not be directed towards solving substantive problems. In politics stream, policy proposal is revealed by national moods, pressure group campaigns, and administrators (Zahariadi, 1999, p. 77). Administrators accommodate public voice to formulate alternative solutions. For example the impacts from debris floods will increase the vulnerability of the area to many diseases. Therefore, government has to clean up the area by mobilising personnel on the Department of Health and the Department of Public Work. However, the writer believes that the occurrence of environmental, economic and social problems resulted from this disaster, will capture policy makers attention to propose regulation upon these issues. In this point, the concept of policy cycle will appear to finalised policies related to this issue. For example, in addressing social problems on the displaced citizens, policy makers may employ the concept of policy cycle method. Policy makers will start to identify problems, why they have to live close to the river streams; analyse the problems and propose alternative solution; seek policy appropriate instruments which can works; conduct consultation with public and internal government; hold coordination with related agencies, for example the Ministerial of Social affairs and the Ministry of Peoples Welfare; make a decision through legislation or government regulation; implement the decisions and evaluate the implementations. The two case studies above explain that in addressing public issues, policy makers possibly implement the two models of policy formulation although there is only one policy model which is dominate. However, the writer underlines that an issue may lead to another issues which need to be addressed comprehensively. In formulation a public policy, the two models of policy formulation, the policy cycle model and the Kingdons Garbage-can model may be implemented, but only one model will manifested itself. To sum up, there are two models for policy formulation, the policy cycle model and the Kingdons Garbage-can model. Both theories have strength and weaknesses. On one hand, policy cycle is frameworks for policy makers to understand policy formulation as a process rather than just a set of institutions. This model is able to disaggregate phenomena into manageable steps. In every stage, policy makers demonstrate their knowledge to find alternative solution in a logic sequence. Policy cycle serves as guidance for policy makers in formulating policies. This model is a normative suggestion and defending the view that a particular sequence is an appropriate way to approach the policy task. However, this model has weaknesses in term of time completion of a policy cycle. On the other hand, the Kingdons Garbage-can model which is developed from the ideas of Cohen, March and Olsen, provide critiques to the rational decision-making model (Hill 2009, p. 156). There are three streams in the agenda setting and alternative generation, problem stream, policies stream and politics stream. The three streams may result policy independently, otherwise in some critical moment there is multiple-streams. By coupling the three streams the issues will capture more policy makers attention to make a public policy. This model considers that policy organisational is in chaotic, complex and fluid as a result of uncertain and competing policy preference. Therefore, policy-making sometimes is irrational. From the case studies above, although it needs further research, it is argued that in formulation public policy, policy makers may follow the policy cycle method and the Kingdons Garbage-can model, but there is only one model which dominate in the process.